verizon center :: essays research papers

Building offices like the Verizon Wireless field and other huge wearing and extraordinary occasion scenes can be exorbitant. The expense of the Verizon Wireless Arena cost generally $60 million dollars to make. Numerous components go into this concluded $60 million dollar office, for example, the expense per square foot, the expense per An and B space, and operational expenses. To make sense of how much cash goes into the field, it is imperative to monitor how much pay is produced and what types of showcasing and gathering pledges are done to advance and make benefit for the office. The Verizon Wireless field has 230,000 sq. feet, which makes the expense of the office, $260.87 per square foot. There is a tremendous measure of expenses related with the activity of the field, for instance: The furnishings, apparatuses, and gear buys everything from the lawn seats, tables, ball court, hand devices in the shop, office PCs, Zambonis and the scoreboard are only a portion of the things off a rundown that is seven pages in length in extremely little print. Other overhead expenses incorporate water, sewerage, power, telephone administration, web get to, gaseous petrol, satellite TV, staff pay rates, and advantage bundles. So as to upkeep all the hardware and innovation the office has every day operational expenses, these include: work and materials to fix harm, updating of current frameworks, keep up legislative center gear and perform safeguard support. What's more, every occasion inside itself has its own related costs, for example, work and material that are mentioned by the occasion that are utilized only for the occasion, for instance: propane gases for pyro embellishments, business gear the show needs that we lease locally (copiers, fax machines, and so forth.), work to change over the office from hockey to show mode, occasion housekeeping, occasion staff (security, ushers, directors, ticket takers, and so on.). So as to remain in business an office must make a lot of pay to prosper in its industry. There are numerous types of approaching benefits from numerous parts of the field. The most significant structure is Patron produced deals: tickets, premium seat bundles these bundles are VIP suites, party suites and club seating. Food and Beverage help to keep the clients fulfilled while being engaged by occasions and is a major cash producer. Product is sold at every occasion and the field even has its own store for Monarch hockey gear and the football field group the Wolves sell gifts also.

The American Dream Negative and Positive Aspects

The American Dream Negative and Positive Aspects Presentation The American dream is one of the most venerated goals of the country and it has become a piece of the American national personality. This national way of thinking states that the United States of America is a place where there is fresh chances to succeed and each individual has equivalent chance, paying little mind to their financial foundation, for thriving and achievement in the event that they utilize their abilities and buckle down. Unavoidably, the American Dream has affected ages of residents who look to get more extravagant and better lives as per the dream.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on The American Dream: Negative and Positive Aspects explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the US has encountered noteworthy disparity and neediness even as more individuals seek after this fantasy. These issues have prompted inquiries with regards to whether the American Dream is a decent or a terrible thing for the visionary and the g eneral public. This paper will contend that the American Dream is awful in light of the fact that it overlooks the developing disparities, advances independence and empowers realism by the American individuals. The American Dream: A Bad Philosophy The American Dream makes a figment of correspondence while actually influence and riches impact the financial results of a person in the United States. The observation that the US offers equivalent open doors for was originally explained in the Declaration of Independence. In this report, Thomas Jefferson attested the perfect of equivalent rights and open doors for all by announcing, All men are made equivalent (376). This perfect is reverberated by Lincoln in the Gettysburg Address where he weights on the significance of freedom and balance in the development of the United States (1). All things considered, the American Dream suggests that every individual has equivalent open door in the US regardless of their experiences. All things cons idered, even a kid conceived and raised in neediness has a chance to accomplish extraordinary riches in the nation. In any case, this isn't the situation and a person’s financial roots significantly decide their future success. This announcement is strengthened by the way that the countries riches is gathered in the possession of a couple of well off people and the hole between the rich and the poor is ever augmenting in the nation. The Dream is in this manner an awful thing since it makes light of the truth that the US is where influence and riches impact a great deal. The American Dream empowers independence and an absence of worry for the less fortunate individuals from the general public. The goals advance the ethos of individual accomplishment through difficult work. Since the fantasy attests that everybody has equivalent chance and can flourish on the off chance that they buckle down, the countries washouts are accused for their issues. The advocates of this fantasy rec ommend that any individual can succeed in the event that they change themselves and utilize their ability in this place where there is fresh new chances. From the suspicion that everybody has equivalent chances to thrive, all people are relied upon to make progress in the event that they work hard.Advertising Looking for article on sociologies? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Such a standpoint overlooks the absence of chances that people from poor foundations regularly face. Since neglecting to be fruitful is accused on the individual and not the framework set up, the legislature and other network individuals are not slanted to successfully cure the circumstance. Individuals are just worried about their prosperity in this manner making a general public that couldn't care less for its less blessed. The beliefs of the American Dream wrongly compare financial success with joy. The American Dream depends on the beliefs of makin g an increasingly effective life by trying sincerely and procuring more cash. It proposes that once one makes progress, monetary development, and social versatility, he/she will encounter joy and happiness. The fantasy urges realism above everything else and this might be destructive for the general public. The American Dream has become a bad dream as a general rule since empathy for individuals has everything except vanished as more individuals become engrossed with getting more cash. In Fitzgeralds Winter Dreams, the youthful certain and persevering Dexter Green is devoted to picking up riches and status, well in accordance with the American Dream. He is persuaded that accomplishing this will give him bliss and fulfillment. In any case, when Dexter accomplishes his objectives of riches and influence, he understands that his fantasies are deceptive and he will never get the joy he looks for through accomplishing riches and status (Fitzgerald 23). The American Dream has been utilize d as an avocation for flawed direct by people who are attempting to accomplish a few objectives or desire that are in accordance with the standards of the fantasy. The Dream is anything but an all around characterized idea and it has been extended and adjusted to fit a wide range of individuals and authentic conditions. The fantasy has suited workers, street pharmacists, just as eager young people longing to improve a life for themselves. The conspicuous Civil Rights Activist figure Martin Luther King utilized the American Dream to legitimize the common noncompliance that he was pushing (608). From these models, obviously the American Dream can be utilized to legitimize both respectable and flawed causes. Positive Aspects of the Dream On the positive side, the American Dream has been utilized as a device for progress and the advancement of solidarity. The possibility of the American Dream was exceptionally instrumental in the foundation of the United States as a nation autonomous fr om Britain. The American Dream was a fundamental topic in the Declaration of Independence that is connected to opportunity of the American individuals (Jefferson 377). The fantasy likewise filled in as an instrument to beat servitude in the eighteenth century.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on The American Dream: Negative and Positive Aspects explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Because the fantasy expressed that uniformity and opportunity were requirements for all Americans, the abolitionists utilized the American Dream to support the liberation of the slaves. President Lincoln referenced the American Dream in his endeavor to bind together the warring residents and advise them that they all battled for the standards it spoke to. The American Dream has additionally filled in as motivation for individuals to battle for their privileges and advance equity in the general public. This is best exemplified by Martin Luther King who battled for the fa ntasy of fairness. Ruler accepted that all individuals in the US ought to have indistinguishable rights and openings from it is allowed in the Declaration of Independence (622). With such a profound conviction, he had the option to prepare individuals and in the long run accomplish the social equality for the African-American populace in the US. The American dream in this manner propelled individuals to battle for their privileges in the nation. The American Dream has advanced the free enterprise financial framework, which is the most great framework for monetary development and improvement. The fantasy advances the standards of Capitalism where every individual is compensated dependent on their endeavors. Individuals are hence urged to try sincerely and their endeavors are compensated through better compensation as well as professional success. The American Dream along these lines adds to the development of the country’s economy since when people seek after and accomplish th eir fantasies; the monetary results of the nation are improved. Conversation and Conclusion Despite being the most extravagant nation on the planet, there is noteworthy destitution and financial imbalance in the US. This circumstance can mostly be accused on the American Dream. The American Dream isn't one dream however a lot of beliefs that have been created after some time. While the fantasy comprises a wide scope of thoughts, they are completely founded on accomplishing succeeding, achievement, and carrying on with a decent life. This Dream isn't feasible since people will consistently need more than what they have and consequently end up in a condition of discontent. Also, the fantasy reduces social union since it supports independence and an overemphasis on material belongings. The industrialist framework advanced by the American Dream favors the minority capital benefactors to the detriment of the regular workers. Free enterprise additionally empowers abuse of others so as to make more money.Advertising Searching for exposition on sociologies? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More This paper set out to contend that the American Dream is terrible for the individual and the general public overall. To this end, it set out to feature the negative results of the fantasy. The American dream makes a misguided feeling of uniformity and advances independence. This paper has exhibited that the American Dream has wandered off and is today far off for most Americans. The United States is a place that is known for new chances at life and freedom, yet these open doors are not accessible similarly. Rather than advancing the widespread success and fairness, it accept to maintain, the American dream includes empowered huge imbalance inside this extraordinary country. References Fitzgerald, Scott. Winter Dreams. The Blair Reader: Exploring Issues and Ideas. Ed. Kirszner, Laurie and Mandell, Stephen. Vancouver, Prentice Hall, 2010. Print. Jefferson Thomas The affirmation of Independence. The Blair Reader: Exploring Issues and Ideas. Ed. Kirszner, Laurie and Mandell, Stephen. Van couver, Prentice Hall, 2010. 375-378. Print. Ruler, Luther. Letter from a Birmingham Jail. The Blair Reader: Exploring Issues and Ideas. Ed. Kirszner, Laurie and Mandell, Stephen. Vancouver, Prentice Hall, 2010. 608-622. Print. Lincoln, Abraham. The Gettysburg address. 19. Nov. 1863. Web. abrahamlincolnonline.org/lincoln/addresses/gettysburg.htm

PharmaCare essay

The twenty-first century has seen pharmaceutical organizations develop in extraordinary size and quality. Because of the phenomenal development the bigger pharmaceutical organizations have picked up influence and force in the doctor prescribed medication industry, yet they need advancement to market and they look for approaches to enable the business to keep on expanding its benefits. The pharmaceutical business was once morally stable and was a significant player in the improvement of human wellbeing. In any case, additional time with the absence of development pharmaceutical organizations are turning into an unscrupulous market that misuses patients, specialists and any other individual it can to build its profitability.With eyes just on productivity this can make a danger for patients in light of the fact that there is insufficient trying of the medications preceding the medications hitting the American market. In this examination paper we will cover the numerous aspects of Pharma Care, Coleria, and Wellco and the medication AD23 symptoms, and its assembling in a ruined country with the low wages and dangerous working conditions. Which will all be secured all through this archive. Showcasing and Advertising The Food and Drug Administration loosened up the guidelines with respect to the need to publicize the reactions of physician endorsed tranquilizes in 1997. (FDA)The loosened up guideline takes into account direct-to-buyer promoting and this change the promoting techniques. There is presently an inundation of pharmaceutical promoting utilizing infomercials. Gary Humphreys educates us in his article, â€Å"Direct-to-Consumer Advertising Under Fire†, that pharmaceutical organizations â€Å"spent just shy of $5 billion a year ago alone† (576) on this kind of publicizing. The infomercials some way or another cause shoppers to accept that there is a requirement for them to have the medication and in this manner make an expansion in its sales.Beca use purchasers want to assume responsibility for their wellbeing they are currently going in the doctor’s office and informing the doctor’s concerning the infomercial and the medication that they might want to attempt. In any case, buyers don't know that they doctor prescribed medication organizations are not required to share the entirety of the reactions of the medications and it might cause genuine medical issues when shoppers can request sedates by name. As per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention doctor prescribed medication misuse isn't a pandemic. The high utilization of physician recommended drugs has prompted a reduction use in illicit drugs.In the United States it is normal for Medical Doctors to get an attempt to close the deal from a medication organization with respect to their professionally prescribed medications and feature its numerous advantages also. This is target advertising in which medication organizations are focusing on those in the c linical field and those that are well on the way to offer the item to a customer and thusly this will prompt an expansion in tranquilize deals. This training prompts addresses identified with clinical morals in the business. Licensed innovation Protection The laws and guidelines have reinforced the licensed innovation insurance of marked drugs.One of the essential explanations behind the Intellectual Property Protection was to get the pharmaceutical world reasoning and give motivating forces for the individuals who are being creative. Items can be fixed for a predefined time allotment on the off chance that they have a patent; this means it disposes of any immediate rivalry which thus permits the innovator to set the cost of the medication and commonly they are charging as much as possible. The designer is attempting to recover all cash spent on the making of the medication while additionally making a heavy profit.The Intellectual Property Protection have expanded patent existence o f around 50 percent of all medications from 1980 to introduce which adds to physician endorsed sedate spending. A 1998 Congressional Budget Office (CBO) study demonstrated that makes will in general present new marked medications at premium costs, and afterward raise these costs. The investigation found that much after comparative marked items enter the market, sedate organizations frequently keep on expanding the cost. The moral issue is on the grounds that when the patent is extended it postpones the passageway of more affordable conventional drugs.And therefore the marked medications rule the market and the expense is passed down to the purchaser. Guidelines and Product Safety The Federal Food, Drug Administration is liable for setting up the Code of Federal Regulations which traces the standards and guidelines overseeing pharmaceuticals. The guidelines are isolated into segments and incorporate direction dependent on medicate classes. Because of every individual having shifting responses to pharmaceutical items not every reaction are identified during clinical testing.The Federal Food, Drug Administration is answerable for imparting the data to shoppers. Nonetheless, it appears to be somewhat unscrupulous in light of the fact that the huge pharmaceutical organizations don't need to share all of symptom data that may help customers in settling on its decision on whether to attempt an item or to not attempt an item. Through different survey’s it was found that shoppers are under the sentiment that pharmaceutical organizations need to have improved inner controls to guarantee their consistence with regulations.Due to doctors and pharmaceutical organizations cooperating and are reliant on each other there should be controls set up that would have a fair-minded perspective on the guidelines. The legislature should keep presenting new guidelines that will assistant in checking the connections. Direct-To â€Consumer Marketing Direct to customer is a type of publicizing that business sectors straightforwardly to purchasers bypassing the merchant. In the mid 1980’s pharmaceutical organizations gave data about physician endorsed medications to specialists and pharmacists.The Federal Drug Administration (FDA) permitted print promotions to run and the pharmaceutical organizations had incredible achievement and were then allowed to start running commercial on TV. As of now over $5 billion is spent yearly to introduce this ad to the American open by means of direct showcasing print advertisements, transmission, and on the web. There is an issue with this is the FDA doesn't deliberately screen these advertisements and the notice may really be misdirecting and the American open may not know that the promotion didn't pass the FDA check.The Office of Prescription Drug Promotion (OPDP) is required to make a move against advertisements that abuse the law and are required to make a move alongside conveying data to purchasers and represent atives in the human services industry. Professionally prescribed medication promotions brief almost 33% of Americans to get some information about a publicized medication, and 82% of the individuals who ask say their doctors suggested a medicine. The discoveries in a national review by USA TODAY, the Kaiser Family Foundation and the Harvard School of Public Health come as medication publicizing hit a record $4. 8 billion of every 2006, up from $2.6 billion in 2002.â€Å"Our study shows why the medication organizations every one of these promotions: They work,† says Drew Altman, leader of the Kaiser Foundation. â€Å"Many individuals get drugs they in any case wouldn't. While there's a discussion about whether that is something beneficial for patients, it costs the nation more. † Among individuals who mentioned a medication, 44% said doctors gave the one they got some information about, while somewhat the greater part said specialists endorsed an alternate medication. I n some cases, specialists did both. At the point when copy answers were evacuated, the survey discovered 82% of patients got some kind of prescription. (USA Today)I would make the contention against Direct-to-Consumer advertising in spite of the fact that it is by all accounts is working and returning the decisions to the consumers’ hands. My contention against the direct-to-customer commercial is just on the grounds that buyers are not being given all the fundamental insights regarding an item. Medication producers are disregarding the rules that apply to buyer instruction and are featuring just a couple on the many symptoms. Purchasers frequently won't contemplate doctor’s proposals additionally in light of the fact that they visit their PCP bearing in mind the end goal of picking up indistinguishable outcomes from what was appeared in the promoting ad.The numerous infomercials appear to support male improvements medications, for example, Cialis and Viagra which ca n confound youngsters in the event that they, see the infomercial. It ought to be the obligation of doctors to decide the best possible meds for their patients. Exacerbating Pharmacy Regulators Generally, state sheets of drug store will keep on having essential obligation regarding the everyday oversight of state-authorized drug stores that compound medications as per the states of segment 503A of the FDCA, despite the fact that FDA holds some authority over their operations.For model, the contaminated or misbranding of medications aggravated under area 503A, or bogus or deceiving proclamations in the marking or publicizing of such medications, may bring about infringement of Federal law. Firms that register with FDA as â€Å"outsourcing facilities† under segment 503B will be managed by FDA and examined by FDA as indicated by a hazard based calendar. (FDA) In the PharmaCare situation ought to have authorized the Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA) of 1992 prior. As indicat ed by Forbes magazine, to tackle this issue, Congress authorized the Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA) of 1992.PDUFA gave a system whereby charges were collected on pharmaceutical organizations for each new medication application (NDA) recorded. The incomes from these â€Å"user fees† were utilized to recruit 600 new medication commentators and care staff. These new clinical officials, scientific experts, pharmacologists, and different specialists were entrusted with freeing the accumulation from NDAs anticipating endorsement. Thusly, the FDA had the option to lessen survey times of NDAs to a year for standard NDAs and to a half year for need applications that included huge advances over existing treatment.As a consequence of PDUFA, the timing of U. S. tranquilize endorsements started to reflect that of the remainder of the world. (Forbes) If the Act was set up the pha

Business Ethics and SRI Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Ethics and SRI - Literature audit Example This developing wonder is known as Socially Responsible Investment (Hicks,2003; Schueth, 2003) Socially Responsible Investment (SRI), otherwise called moral venture, is a speculation discipline that notwithstanding the hazard and returns issues in speculation, considers social or ecological issues. The contrast among SRI and traditional venture is the work of explicit speculation procedures. The motivation behind such procedures is to choose or bar certain benefits from venture portfolio. (Renneboog et al., 2008,p. 1723). It basically implies that ordinary speculation techniques are considered naturalâ€having money related quantifiable profit at the center. Nonetheless, SRI procedures are either socially delicate or socially dictating(Hicks,2003; Schueth, 2003) SRI has three significant unmistakable strategies, which may cover or tail each other. These are screening, activism, and cause-based speculation( Spark and Cowton,2004; Vivers, 2007) . Further, SRI might be done at individ ual just as institutional level. People ordinarily create common assets while establishments execute it through altruistic establishments and benefits reserves. Since its cutting edge rise, SRI, its systems, its phrasing and its definition have been under solid discussions ( Spark and Cowton,2004; Schueth, 2003 Hicks,2003). ... Toward the finish of this audit , I will introduce the developing significance of SRI at global level. 2. Definition and fundamental wording 2.1. Business Ethics In current writing of business morals, there are two significant streams. One expects that business will not be indecent endeavor and the subsequent that consider the ethical quality and personal responsibility at certain point at some point are inverse. ( Hicks,2003). The main gathering accept that business is flippant though second contend that on the off chance that it is irreverent it is improper ( Hicks,2003).In current stream of business morals writing second gathering is getting prevailing and either requires the act of individual qualities or even inclinations the financial specialists to assume a functioning job for the usage of those qualities into the organizations.( Hicks,2003; Schueth, 2003, Vivers, 2007). 2.2. SRI and Other Terms There are different terms speaking to the ideas of business morals. For example, S ocially Responsible Investing , social contributing, socially mindful contributing, moral contributing, strategic contributing, and twofold main concern contributing.. These terms has been utilized conversely in writing (Pan and Mardfin ,2001; Schueth, 2003;Spark and Cowton,2004). Anyway the two most regular terms are â€Å"ethical investing† and â€Å"Socially Responsible Investment† (Spark and Cowton,2004, p 46). Term â€Å"ethical investment† is moderately more seasoned one and it mirrors the way that the development was at first strictly persuaded and houses of worship assumed a crucial job in the advancement of soonest moral assets in UK, USA and Australia(Schueth, 2003; Spark and Cowton,2004). Later on, the term has steadily been supplanted by Socially Responsible Investment (SRI). Numerous individuals have reservation on the utilization of

What Kind of Editing Do I Need - The Writers For Hire

WHAT KIND OF EDITING DO I NEED? â€Å"Can you alter this?† It’s apparently probably the vaguest solicitation heard in the realm of altering and distributing. That’s in light of the fact that there are numerous sorts of altering, and they frequently mean something altogether different to each gathering in the altering relationship †the essayist and the proofreader. An essential Internet search of â€Å"types of editing† can send you into a whirlwind of phrasing debates and disarray. For instance, the Grammarly blog breaks separated formative and considerable altering into discrete definitions, while the Institute of Professional Editors utilizes another term for formative altering (basic altering), and irregularities meaningful altering into that class. The rundown continues forever. The developing ubiquity of independently publishing, has just served to add to the disarray. Regardless of whether you’re a writer looking to independently publish a book or a corporate communicator finishing a promoting handout, figuring out what level of altering your undertaking needs and adequately imparting desires to your proofreader is critical to a palatable procedure and final product, says Wintress Odom, proprietor and editorial manager in-boss at The Writers for Hire. â€Å"I can't disclose to you how often we get a bit of duplicate and are asked to, ‘Just edit it,’ or, ‘Please alter this,’† Odom says. â€Å"Most of the time, our customers have an unmistakable thought of what this way to them, yet many individuals don’t understand that those terms are utilized endlessly distinctively by various individuals, so you truly need to explain, or you could get something once more from an editorial manager that was not what you expected at all.† So how would you, as an essayist, explore the altering segment of the procedure to accomplish your ideal outcome? Let’s investigate the kinds of altering, think about covering wording, and take a gander at certain approaches to guarantee you get what you ask for from your supervisor. Altering and Proofreading Are Very Different To start with, let’s clear up some altering nuts and bolts. Altering is a procedure that shapes and alters your original copy or bit of duplicate to set it up for distributing. This can mean various things, as we will go into beneath, however it ordinarily includes key changes to angles, for example, stream, language structure and consistency. Editing, then again, is a last advance to survey your duplicate as it will be printed, with the purpose of getting any missteps that may have been made during altering. While editing is viewed as a feature of the general altering process, having your piece edited isn't equivalent to having it edited.Tweet this Levels in the Editing Process Most altering specialists use somewhere close to three and five degrees of altering, including editing as a last advance all the while. Let’s audit the fundamental classifications and a portion of the phrasing you may experience. 1. Formative altering (likewise regularly called auxiliary and meaningful altering) is the most exceptional degree of altering and could include enthusiastic revising, so you may likewise observe terms, for example, substantial altering or substance altering utilized. This is a greater picture upgrade of your original copy for style, structure and stream. For true to life, you need formative altering if your material is missing intelligent flow.â In fiction, you may require formative altering on the off chance that you need help improving plot or potentially character development.â Developmental altering will regularly incorporate modifying: Book association and subject stream. Huge picture advances. Overall complex decisions. Plotline and portrayal (fiction). 2. Line editingis at times generalized with the likes of duplicate altering beneath, yet it’s an increasingly point by point, sentence-by-sentence alter. Line altering isn’t concentrated on the comprehensive view parts of the book as in formative altering, yet it might incorporate sentence revamping to address territories, for example, Stream or pacing issues. Expulsion of areas that may not fit. Improving sentence substance, style and voice. 3. Duplicate editingis likewise a sentence-by-sentence alter, however increasingly specialized in nature, concentrating on tidying up your duplicate to set it up for distributing. On the off chance that you are content with the association and stream of your piece and think it is prepared for specialized cleaning, for example, sentence structure and accentuation, this might be the correct degree of altering for you. Not all editors concede to what copyediting involves, however regular administrations may incorporate fixing: Blunders and irregularities in style (like the Oxford comma or hyphenation consistency) Blunders in dates, URLs, page numbers or other appropriate subtleties. Rehashed realities. Inner logical inconsistencies inside the piece. 4. Editing In the event that you address an essayist, editing regularly incorporates fixing mistakes and syntactic blunders, just as all or a few of the things tune in duplicate altering (above). Anyway for a distributer, editing is very different.â Proofreading for distributers happens simply after definite design, and is expected to get any blunders made during the format procedure, for example, Missing words or sentences. Odd line breaks or picture arranging. Missing pages or page numbers. Figuring out Which Level You Need As should be obvious, even inside these four classes, there are many covering and conversely utilized terms inside these levels, and your supervisor may separate them in an unexpected way. In his work with independent creators, Friedlander thinks that its valuable to disentangle by partitioning altering into two zones of need †the data (for fiction, the story) and the duplicate. â€Å"If you think your book has issues with the manner in which it streams, it isn’t very complete and you’re not certain how it analyzes to other comparative books †¦ in the market, at that point talk with a formative editorial manager about what you have to shape your book,† he says. â€Å"If you’re effectively over that part, you recognize what ought to be in the book, you’ve composed books previously and you’re happy with the manner in which the data streams, at that point converse with your editorial manager about setting up the book for distribution with a duplicate edit.† Odom concurs that an interview with your proofreader itemizing your requirements is the best methodology. The key is understanding the general terms out there, and explaining what that way to your supervisor as it identifies with your particular task. To help direct your discussion, Odom suggests asking yourself these inquiries: What are my objectives with the altering procedure? What are my greatest concerns? Am I content with the book’s in general part association? Does the coherent stream need assistance (for example does it bode well)? Does the elaborate stream need assistance (for example is it inconvenient to peruse)? Am I alright with a supervisor revamping enormous segments of my original copy? Would I lean toward that the supervisor stick to fixing heinous mistakes, leaving the original copy basically with no guarantees? Do I need my proofreader to fix style inconsistences, (for example, working out numbers or consistency in capitalization decisions)? Does the proofreader need to actuality check for me? Provided that this is true, what sorts of realities (for example spellings of spots, chronicled dates, explicit magazine cites)? The facts demonstrate that the altering procedure can be befuddling. With a comprehension of the subtleties and variations that go into altering, however, you can arm yourself with the vital devices to make the relationship with your proofreader a fruitful one. This will, thus, bring about an increasingly fruitful result for your undertaking.

Can You Negotiate With Your Creditors

Can You Negotiate With Your Creditors Can You Negotiate With Your Creditors? Can You Negotiate With Your Creditors?Yes, you can negotiate with your creditors, but make sure you do your homework first.We’ve all got bills we have to pay. And sometimes we don’t have all the money we need to pay them. So what’s the solution?Well, if you have good credit, you can get a personal loan at reasonable rates. If you don’t have good credit, you might consider a bad credit loan or a no credit check loan, but those tend to have high interest rates and, if they’re a payday loan, very short payment terms.And besides, taking out another  loan or a credit card cash advance to pay your bills wont really solve your problem. Itll just leave you with another bill you aren’t sure how to pay.Is it worth trying to negotiate with your creditors? And if so, what would be the best way to do so? Read on to find out!The first step is admitting you have a problem.Wouldn’t it be nice if your creditors just … stopped calling about your missing payments? Maybe if you just igno re them for long enough, they’ll forget you exist. Most creditors are goldfish, right?As Jonas Sickler, marketing director for ReputationManagement.com (@repmgmt_com), told us: “Burying your head in the sand will make it worse, not better.”And why is that? Because when your creditors stop calling, it isn’t because they’ve forgotten about your debt. It’s because they’ve turned it over to a debt collector who will start calling you instead.So did anything change? Yep. Your credit did, and not in a good way.“One of the most important debts to negotiate is collections,” says Sickler. “Having debt in collections can do significant damage to your financial reputationâ€"affecting everything from your ability to get a car to a business loan, so its essential to resolve these issues rather than ignore them. Fortunately, you do have some bargaining power at your disposal.”So how do you deal with the people to whom you owe money, collections or otherwise?(Related reading:  What Debt Collectors Can and Can’t Do.)What’s realistic for you?Once you’ve accepted that you’re going to have to deal with these debts, it’s time to figure out what your “dealing with it” budget looks like.Here’s how author, financial educator, and friend of the Financial Sense Blog Gerri Detweiler (@GerriDetweiler) put it for us:“Know what you can afford. This may sound obvious, but many people dont really go into a discussion with a creditor understanding how much they can afford to pay on each debt. Before you make that call, you need to carefully review your spending to figure out the most you can afford to pay and still be able to pay essential bills like rent, utilities, or gas for your car.”Once you have a realistic sense of your financial situation, it’s negotiation time.Know what to expect.Now that you know what your own situation is, it’s time to learn your creditors situation too.First of all, know what they aren’t going to offer you. “Under stand how it works,” advised Detweiler. “If you are able to afford your minimum payment each month then it is unlikely your creditor will reduce your payment as long as you are continuing to pay that amount. In other words, they arent going to let you pay less than you owe unless there is a clear risk that you are going to not pay them at all.”Detweiler also explained that, even if the person you’re talking to wants to help you, they may be limited in their ability to do so: “Creditors tend to be very policy-driven. In other words, they will have their own internal guidelines that cover when and how they can reduce interest rates or payments in hardship situations. Your main goal,  therefore, will be to get them to explain the options available to you.”So you know what your situation is. You know what they can potentially offer you. Now how can you increase your odds of getting that thing or thing?Use your leverage.Creditors are, for the most part, businesspeople, and th at means they don’t want to lose money. They’d rather get some of the money you owe them than none, especially if it means they don’t have to spend money on lawyers.“Creditors want to collect as much as possible,” advised Detweiler. “Youll have the most leverage if you are falling behind on payments. However, that will damage your credit scores. Its a trade-off.“If you are not already falling behind but you think its likely in the future, you may want to talk with a credit counseling agency. If you are already falling behind on payments, then you may want to look into debt settlement or even bankruptcy.“You may have a lot more leverage with a debt collector. Debt collectors often negotiate debts and may be willing to accept less than the full balance. The older the debt, the easier it is to negotiate a smaller payment because they know the likelihood of collecting becomes slimmer as the debt becomes older. Just make sure you first check the statute of limitations on the debt. Agreeing to pay the debt or making a payment of the debt of any size may restart the statute of limitations, allowing them to sue you to collect.”And whatever agreement you are able to reach, there’s something you’ll want to be certain to do:“Never, and I mean never, schedule a single payment without having a written letter of intent,” warned Sickler. “This letter must state the total amount of debt owed, the total payment you are making to the creditor, and a statement certifying that the processing of the payment signifies payment in full for the entire outstanding debt. This is crucial. Not only do you want the debt resolved, but you need your credit report to show it as paid in full.”(Related Reading:  How Do You Contest Errors On Your Credit Report?)What if your creditor stonewalls?Some creditors will simply not be receptive to any negotiation. So what can you do?“Dont be surprised if your creditor doesnt offer a significant relief, even though it make s sense to you that they should do so,” said Detweiler. “Creditors have their own internal policies that they must follow when consumers make these kinds of requests. Dont take it personally. If you cant get your creditor to work with you, consider talking with a credit counseling agency or a bankruptcy attorney.”It’s not a good situation to find yourself in, but if you’re behind on your payments, there are some options. Hopefully, this guide helped you get a sense of what they are. Good luck!To learn more about dealing with debt, check out these related posts and articles from OppLoans:The OppLoans Guide to Consolidating Student Loan DebtWant to Avoid No Credit Check Loans? Build an Emergency FundAre Balance Transfers a Good Way to Pay Down Debt?Have you ever negotiated directly with a creditor? We want to hear about it!  You can  email us  or you can find us on  Facebook  and  Twitter.ContributorsGerri Detweiler (@GerriDetweiler) is the education director for Nav, which helps business owners build business credit for free. She is also the coauthor of a free Kindle ebook:  Debt Collection Answers: How To Use Debt Collection Laws To Protect Your Rights.Jonas Sickler  is responsible for building and executing the digital marketing strategy at  ReputationManagement.com (@repmgmt_com). The broad scope of his role encompasses strategic content creation, web analytics, and developing and deploying targeted digital campaigns from concept to completion.

Sexism in Slavery The Significance of Laboring Women - Literature Essay Samples

It seems contradictory that a person could simultaneously be treated as both completely worthless and completely inexpendable. Despite the paradoxical nature of this statement, it perfectly describes the plight of black women in early American slavery. Female slaves, though legally regarded as property, were vitally needed for not only their physical labor, but their biological capability to reproduce. Women were a highly exploited group of people that, while they were given no rights, identities, or sympathy, formed the foundation of the institution of New World slavery itself. The book Laboring Women by Jennifer L. Morgan details the specific struggles that a woman, and a woman alone, would have to face during her life as a slave. While some historical accounts tend to lump males and females together when discussing slavery, Morgan goes into detail about how the female slave experience specifically affected and defined the institution of slavery. Her argument shows that a deeper un derstanding of the female slave experience, specifically concerning their reproductive potential, can lend a hand to understanding the culture and psychology of a slave-owning society as a whole. In Laboring Women, Morgan makes a point to challenge existing historical analyses of southern slavery by arguing that reproduction and motherhood in slavery was not only evidence of the exploitation of female slaves, but in fact central to understanding society at the time. Morgan calls her research a â€Å"study of†¦ the impact of slavery on women’s lives and the impact of women on the development of slavery†. The author’s study starts from the very beginning of the life experience of a female slave, from before she even arrived in America. It begins with an evaluation of how an African woman was perceived. The overtly sexual descriptions of African women by European travelers set up the expectations of a black female in slavery. A black woman challenged the standards of conventional beauty and â€Å"embodied a deep threat to patriarchy† that invoked white men with a need to control her. Not only were they desired as laborers, but as sexual beings an d objects of pleasure who, conveniently, had the biological ability to produce more free labor as a result of sex. This was based on a white man’s privilege of seeing a slave as lesser than himself. Being a woman in a society dominated by wealthy white men was a challenge enough- the objectification of enslaved women in particular was a direct result of the disregard for the physical and mental health of African Americans. In other words, slaveowners did not care if bearing child after child negatively affected the slave woman’s body. She was an object and a piece of property- a slave owner would do with a slave whatever he desired with no regard to humanity. The research of Jennifer L. Morgan attempts to explain how womanhood and white supremacy need to be studied in conjunction for a better understanding of racial division. A piece of information that tends to go undervalued in discussions of slavery is the extent to which slave owners needed and depended upon the labor of their slaves, particularly the women, as they were not only involved in hard labor but worked as nurses, caretakers, and housekeepers. Morgan fiercely argues that the entire framework of slavery lies upon the slave owner’s dehumanization of their female slaves and the way they exploited them to reap all their benefits, both physical and ideological. Though it is important to recognize how crucial the reproductive system was to the institution of slavery, the author also implies that women are simply forces to be reckoned with, which explains why they were forcibly locked in a cycle of bondage by upper class males- to control them and to maintain power. Slave women, with their previously mentioned threat to the strength of the patriarchy, were victims of so much physical and sexual violence and yet expected to provide not only c hildren, but care for those children, as well as the white children of some slaveowners. So much power and potential resided in the hands of slave women that Morgan makes sure to end her investigation with remarks on the ways women fought back against their male oppressors. One of these ways was referred to as a â€Å"gynecological revolt†, in which women purposefully â€Å"withheld reproductive capabilities†. Reproduction as a resistive force was a specific way that women, and exclusively women, could act in spite of their owners. Similarly, a slave women may run away and symbolically take her children with her, stealing from her owner not only her own labor, but the labor her children could have potentially provided a slaveowner. As emotionally and physically draining as it was to be a slave woman, they still harbored a fierce maternal love for their offspring, and the â€Å"intensity of their desire to protect themselves and their children is self-evident† through the specific testaments Morgan utilizes in her research as she provides accounts of women who ran from their plantations and sought refuge in the North for themselves and their children. Throughout her account, Morgan makes it apparent over and over again that studying sex as part of the core of slavery, rather than a separate element, fills gaps in historical analyses of slavery as a whole. Morgan wrote a compelling investigation; after all, a book about the experiences of a woman is, arguably, most accurately told by a woman, and the feminist drive of the book made it validating to read. Yet these features can also prompt the reader to reflect on the modern experiences of women, especially women of color and women who live today under the most inhumane conditions, such as women caught in the world of sex trafficking. Even today, we still have far to go.

Qualitative Research Qualitative And Quantitative Research

Quality versus quantity or numerical as opposed to nonnumeric data is what come to mind when thinking about qualitative and quantitative research. In other words, quantitative research utilizes numbers while qualitative research does not. Another noteworthy distinction between the two methods lies in data collection. Unlike qualitative research which is employed to transform data into statistics, qualitative research is utilized to gain a deeper understanding or underlying opinions, reasons and motivations. Quantitative research is exploratory in the sense that it attempts to understand people’s daily interaction and how they perceive and make sense of the world around them (Tewsbury, 2009; Murchison, 2010). This is often referred to as the holistic approach. More specifically, qualitative analysis aims at providing rich, precise, complete and detailed description of an issue. In order to gain a deeper understanding of a problem, researchers employing qualitative approach, especially in ethnography, tend to travel long distance and study the culture of the subject firsthand. In other words, they become participant observers (Murchison, p. 7, 2010). Ethnographer’s data derives from firsthand interaction or involvement with research subject. Interactions stems from day-to-day conversations, face-to-face interviews to share rituals and emotional experiences (p. 4). Research subjects in ethnography are referred to as informants or individuals with (expert) knowledge on theShow MoreRelatedQualitative And Quantitative And Qualitative Research1972 Words   |  8 Pagesworld of research, there are two general approaches to gathering and reporting information qualitative and quantitative approaches. The qualitative approach to research is focused on understanding a phenomenon from a closer perspective. The quantitative approach tends to approximate phenome na from a large number of individuals using survey methods. There has been widespread debate in recent years within many of the social sciences regarding the relative merits of quantitative and qualitative strategiesRead MoreQuantitative and Qualitative Research1006 Words   |  5 PagesQuantitative and Qualitative Research Sheri Doubleday May 16, 2011 Research procedures depends on the analyzing data and questions on the topic being researched. All research can be differentiated on the basis of whether its methodology produces mostly numerical data (e.g., scores and measurements) or mostly narrative data (e.g., verbal descriptions and opinions) (Mertler, C. amp; Charles, C. 2011, p 24). Qualitative research and quantitative research are two types of research methods. Read MoreQualitative Research And Quantitative Research917 Words   |  4 PagesIn order to carry out my research, there were two feasible arguments to using qualitative research and quantitative methods. Qualitative research is recording information that express information about feelings, values and attitudes using words, whereas quantitative research uses data that is expressed in numerical form using descriptive and inferential statistics (Lindlof Taylor, 2002). Quantitative research is useful when measuring facts and is structured using characterised surveys and statisticalRead MoreQuantitative Research : Qualitative Research825 Words   |  4 PagesPoints of Consideration for this Qualitative Research Skinner, Tagg, and Holloway (2000) stressed that engaging in qualitative research demands an understanding of some of the drawbacks associated with doing this type of research. A number of common concerns related to qualitative research are found in the literature. The time and resources involved in collecting and analyzing qualitative data are mentioned frequently (e.g., Creswell, 1998; Skinner, Tagg, Holloway, 2000). A related concern involvesRead MoreQualitative Research On Quantitative Research1496 Words   |  6 PagesThe qualitative research method involves analysing data, such as words, pictures or objects. It is more subjective, and requires the researcher to interpret data in order to form thematic ideas. Quantitative research can gather a large amount of data that can be easily organised and manipulated into reports for analysis. It often includes one to one interview. It utilises open- ended questions. This means that the researcher has to interpret their findings. Mo reover, in qualitative research isRead MoreQualitative Research : Quantitative Research Essay814 Words   |  4 PagesQualitative research is a kind of of scientific research which consists of an analysis that look for answers to a question, systematically uses a specific procedures to answer the question, gathers evidence, generate findings that are legit farther the limits of the study. Qualitative research has these characteristics. As an addition, it looks for to analyze the research problem or motif from the aspect of the local people who involves the study. Qualitative research is particularly effectiveRead MoreQualitative Research : Quantitative Research Essay978 Words   |  4 PagesQualitative research explains, describes and characterizes the subject of investigation by focusing on words rather than numbers. It mainly collects the non-numerical data to describe a problem and helps to create ideas for further research. In qualitative research, data are collected through focus groups, interviews, direct observation or evaluation of archival material such as newspapers. Qualitative research has a qualitative dimension and relies on the background and context to analyze data.Read MoreQualitative Research And Quantitative Research1675 Words   |  7 Pages Qualitative research and Quantitative research Qualitative research Defilation Qualitative research is a method used in different academic disciplines, generally in social science, but also in research and further contexts. Qualitative researchers aim to attain detailed understanding of human behavior rand the reasons that govern such behavior. The qualitative method investigates the why and how of decision making, not just what, where, when. Hence, smallerRead MoreQualitative Research : Quantitative Research1442 Words   |  6 Pageslevel, qualitative research involves an interpretive, naturalistic approach to the world. This means that qualitative researchers study things in their natural settings, attempting to make sense of, or interpret, phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them. (Denzin Lincoln, 2005, p. 3) Different from quantitative research that collects and analyzes numerical data, qualitative research deals with non-numerical data such as interviews, participant observations, audio and visual imagesRead MoreQualitative Research : Quantitative Research Essay1320 Words   |  6 PagesQualitative research is scientific research based on something that cannot be correctly and precisely measured (University of Wisconsin-Madison-Health Services Ebling Library, 2016). Qualitative research is biased and uses preliminary reasoning to combine data (University of Wisconsin-Madison-Health Services Ebling Library, 2016). Qualitative research establishes theories to help explain the phenomena while focusing on the experiences and opinions of all study subjects (Verhoef Casebeer, 1997)

The Maslow hierarchy of needs - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 15 Words: 4367 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? According to Maslow, the source of motivation is certain needs. Needs are biological or instinctive; they characterize humans in genera and have a generic base. They often influence behaviour unconsciously. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Maslow hierarchy of needs" essay for you Create order What causes people to behave as they do is the process of satisfying these needs. Once a need is satisfied, it no longer dominates behaviour, and another need rises to take its place. Need fulfillment is never ending. Muchinsky(1993) The five types of needs from Maslows theory are discussed below: Physiological needs: The physiological needs include the basic needs for food, water. These needs cannot be ignored for long and must be met before all others. To the person in a state of virtual starvation or water deprivation, matters other than food or water are of little concern. Security needs: Once the physiological needs are relatively well met, a new set of needs, categorized generally as safety needs, emerges. These are concerned with protection against danger, threat and deprivation. In an industrial society the safety needs may be important to the dependent relationship between employees and employers. The safety needs may serve as motivators in such circumstanc es as arbitrary management actions, behaviour which arouses uncertainty of continued employment, and unpredictable administration of policy. Social needs: Once the physiological and safety needs are reasonably well fulfilled, the social needs become important motivators of behaviour. These include needs for belonging, for association, for love, for acceptance by ones fellows, and for giving and receiving friendship. Self esteem: the self esteem needs are those needs that relate to ones self-esteem, that is, need for self confidence, for achievement, for competence, for knowledge Self-actualisation: Self actualization needs are those needs that relate to ones reputation, needs for status, for recognition, for appreciation, for the deserved respect of ones peers. In contrast with the lower order needs the self-esteem and self actualization needs are seldom fully satisfied. Maslow believed that the hierarchy was characterized by some supporting aspects or features, a few of which are given here: The higher the need, and the less imperative it is for sheer survival, the longer gratification can be postponed and the easier it is for the need to disappear permanently. Living at the higher need level means greater biological efficiency, greater longevity, less disease, better sleep, better appetite, and so forth. Higher needs are less urgent, subjectively Higher need gratification produces more desirable subjective results, more profound happiness, serenity and richness of the inner life. Pursuit and gratification of higher needs represent a general trend towards good health. Higher needs require better outside conditions (economic, educational, etc) to make them possible. Mc Corwick(1987) (Ernest J. Mc Cormick and Daniel Ilgen, 1987, Industrial and organizational psychology, eighth edition, Routledge Co Ltd, London, pg 270-271) Figure 3.1: Maslows hierarchy of needs applied in todays work environment Source: Luthan, F, (2008), Organisational behaviour, eleventh edition, pg 170) Frederick Herzbergs Dual factor theory: The dual factor is based on considerable proof. It is built on the basis that people are motivated towards what makes them feel good, and away from what makes them feel bad. His research identifies motivators as factors producing good feelings in the work situation. By contrast he suggests that hygiene factors arouse bad feelings in the work situation. Hygiene factors are clearly concerned with the work environment rather than the work itself. They differ significantly from motivators in as much as they can only prevent illness but not bring about good health. In other words, lack of adequate job hygiene will cause dissatisfaction, but its presence will not of itself cause satisfaction, it is the motivators that do this. The absence of the motivators will not cause dissatisfaction, assuming the job hygiene factors are adequate, but there will be no positive motivation. It is axiomatic in Herzbergs approach that job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction are not opposite. The oppos ite of job satisfaction is not job dissatisfaction; it is no job satisfaction, while the opposite of job dissatisfaction is lack of job dissatisfaction Adopting Herzbergs approach, a manager should build motivators into the job so as to promote job satisfaction positively; in order to minimize dissatisfaction, hygiene factors should be improved. In the motivation of sales representatives, the motivators and hygiene factors discussed in the pane overleaf might be considered. McKenna(1994) Motivators Hygiene factors Achievement Company policy and administration Recognition Supervision Work itself Salary Responsibility Interpersonal relations Advancement Working conditions Growth Status Security Table 3.1: Dual factor theory Source: McKenna, 1994, pg 78 (Eugene McKenna, 1994, business psychology and organizational behaviour, a students handbook,2nd revised edition, United Kingdom, BPC Wheatons Ltd, pg78) NEED ACHIEVEMENT TH EORY: The need for achievement was one of the twenty needs motivating behaviour suggested by henry Murray. Murray developed the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), as a way of gauging the strength of these needs. David Mc Clelland then used the TAT to concentrate on the need for achievement, which he labeled n Ach, and tried to find both historival and cross-cultural evidence for its collective importance to societies. People high on n Ach, Mc Clelland maintained, have a preference for particular situations, where: The degree of risk involved is neither high nor low but moderate Feedback on their performance is provided Individual responsibility is acknowledged. Moderately risky tasks would provide a reasonable probability of success for people high on n Ach whereas low risk situations would be unchallenging and unlikely to engage their interest. However tasks that look too daunting would also be avoided for fear of failing at them. Thus it is not making the attempt that counts but the outcome. Failure would apparently be too damaging to self-esteem, regardless of the worth and importance of the goal. Mc Clelland also investigated two other, and related specific needs, the need for affiliation (n Aff) and the need for power (n Pow). These other two suggested needs have not been investigated to anything like the same extent as n Ach but they are interesting ideas. Statt(2004) (David A. Statt, 2004, psychology and the world of work, second edition, New York, Palgrave Macmillan Ltd, pg 253) The 3 acquired needs theory set by Mc Clelland are as follows: Need for achievement (nAch): It is the desire to achieve high in terms of quality and accomplish challenging responsibilities in ones work. Need for affiliation (nAff): It is the desire to maintain warm, friendly relationships with others. High nAff individuals are attracted in organizations which involve a large number of interactions with others. Need for power (nPow): It is the desire to influence others and control ones environment. The need for power can be divided into two forms namely personal power and institutional power. Akinson and Feather (1973 cited Ghosh P.K, 1991, pg 356) proposed that the tendency to approach or continue a task depends both on the difficulty of the situation and on the individuals motivation. According to the theory the characteristics which differentiate persons with high and low achievement need (n-ach) are as follows: A person with a high n-ach: Seeks accomplishement for its own sake; Wants to be challenged, sets moderately difficult(but not impossible) goals for himself and takes a realistic approach to risk; Is not strongly money hungry, although may acquire wealth in his drive to achieve; Is not a gambler but, rather, prefers to analyse and assess problems, assume personal responsibility for getting a job done and likes to prompt feedback on how he is doing Tends to be restless, likes to work long hours, does not unduly worry about failure if it does occur and is fairly independent. A person with a low n-ach: Tends to approach tasks of intermediate difficulty but a comparatively lower level of difficulty, as his standard of difficulty is set at a lesser level than the high n-ach person Mc Clelland through extended studies of his postulates, found along with others that achievement motivation is not a stable personality characteristic determined exclusively by childhood experiences as he originally thought it to be. Further investigations and experimental applications established that achievement motivation can be learned. Such learning has been brought about through special training programmes. It is also recognized that a persons achievement motivation may increase because of being placed in a position in which some extent of achievement motivation is expected and rewarded. (Ghosh 1991) Dr P.K Ghosh,(1991), Industrial and organizational psychology, first edition, Bombay :Himalaya publishing house, pg 356) Vrooms expectancy theory: Victor Vroom developed the first formal description of expectancy theory. The theorys basic premise is simple: The strength of their expectation that the behaviour will be followed by a given outcome. The anticipated value of that outcome. Expectancy theory, as described by Vroom, consists of two related models. The first of these is the valence model, which is used to predict the valences that workers place on various outcomes. In the terminology of expectancy theory, an outcome is an event that might follow a workers behaviour, such as praise, punishment or increased productivity. The valence of an outcome is the satisfaction that the worker expects to experience should he or she receive the outcome. First model: According to the valence model, an outcome will have a positive valence for a worker if he or she believes that it has positive instrumentality for obtaining other valued outcomes. Instrumentality is the extent to which a person believes that attaining one outcome is associated with attaining other outcomes, and can range from +1.00 to -1.00. in other words, an instrumentality is the perceived correlation between two outcomes. Second model: The second model in Vrooms expectancy theory predicts the motivational force to perform a particular behaviour. This model states that the force or strength of motivation, to engage in any behaviour depends upon the expectancy that various outcomes will result from performance of the behaviour and the valence of those outcomes as defined in the valence model. Vroom defined expectancy as the perceived probability that an outcome would follow a behaviour, so it can range from 0 to +1.00. Saal Knight(1995) (Frank E.Saal and Patricj A.Knight, 1995, industrial/Organisational psychology, science and practice, 2nd edition, United States of America, Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, 252). The valence model of expectancy theory: outcomes and instrumentality valences of PPP internship +.40 High pay in future jobs High valence Developing new skills High valence +.70 Valence of a PPP consumer research internship + + Flexibility in job choice High valence -.50 0 Making business contacts Low valence +.30 Figure 3.2: the valence mode of expectancy theory Source : Saal Knight(1995) (Frank E.Saal and Patricj A.Knight, 1995, industrial/Organisational psychology, science and practice, 2nd edition, United States of America, Brooks/Cole Publishing Company,pg 253) Figure 3.2 illustrates how the valence model predicts the valence of performing well on an internship for one of PPPs Consumer research interns. Four possible outcomes of performing well, along with their valences are listed on the left side of the figure. The particular intern, Keil Hardy, places positive values on earning higher pay in later jobs, developing new skills and having greater flexibility in choosing jobs in the future. However he places little value on making business contacts during the internship. In the center of the figure are Mr Hardys estimates of the instrumentalities of having a PPP internshi p for attaining each of the four outcomes. He perceives positive associations between the internship and greater pay in the future jobs, learning new skils and making business contacts. The perceived instrumentality of the internship for achieving flexibility in job choice, however is negative. Combining this information, the valence model predicts that he potential for higher pay and imporoved skills will increase the valence of the internship for Mr Hardy because: He values these outcomes The internship is seen by him as a way to attain them The opportunity to develop business contacts will have no effect on the valence in this case because even though Mr Hardy believes that contacts can be made through the internship(positive instrumentality), he believes that having a PPP internship will decrease the chances of this happening(negative instrumentality), which lowers the valence internship. Saal Knight(1995) (Frank E.Saal and Patricj A.Knight, 1995, industrial/O rganisational psychology, science and practice, 2nd edition, United States of America, Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, pg 252) Implications of the Vroom Model for Organizational behaviour: Although the Vroom model does not directly contribute much to the techniques of motivating personnel in an organization, it is of value in understanding organizational behaviour. It can clarify the relationship between individual and organizational goals. For example, suppose workers are given a certain standard for production. By measuring the workers output, management can determine how important their various personal goals (second-level outcomes such as money, security and recognition) are; the instrumentality of the organizational goal (the first level outcomes such as production standard) for the attainment of the personal goals; and the workers expectancies that their effort and ability will accomplish the organizational goal. If output is below standard it may be that the workers do not place a high value on the second level outcomes; or they may think that their efforts will not accomplish the first- level outcome. (Luthan, 2008) Luthan, F,2008, Organisational behavi our, eleventh edition, Singapore, Mc Graw Hill international edition, pg 177 EQUITY THEORY: The equity theory, built by psychologist J.Stacy Adams, argues that a major input into job performance and satisfaction is the degree of equity(or inequity) that people perceive in their work situation. In other words, it is another cognitively based motivation theory. For instance inequity occurs when a person perceives that the ratio of his or her outcomes to inputs and the ratio of a relevant others outcomes to inputs are unequal. Schematically, this is represented as follows: Persons outcomes others outcomes Persons inputs others inputs Equity occurs when; persons outcomes = others outcomes Persons inputs others inputs Both inputs and the outputs of the person and the other are based on the persons perceptions. Age, sex, education, social status, organizational position, qualifications and how hard the person works are examples of perceived input variables. Outcomes consist primarily of rewards such as pay, status, promotion and intrinsic interest in the job. In essence the ratio is based on the persons perception of what the person is giving (inputs) and receiving (outcomes) versus the ratio of what the relevant other is giving and receiving. This cognition may or may not be the same as someone elses observation of the ratios or the same as the actual reality. (Luthan ,2008) Luthan, F, (2008), Organisational behaviour, eleventh edition, Singapore, Mc Graw Hill international edition, pg 179 REINFORCEMENT THEORY: The reinforcement theory, pioneered by psychologist B.F Skinner argued that our behaviours can be explained by consequences in the environment. In fact the theory relies heavily on a concept called law of effect, which states that behaviours having pleasant or positive consequences are more likely to be repeated and behaviours having unpleasant or negative consequences are less likely to be repeated. The argument is that people perform certain work-related acts that are subject to reinforcement contingencies. People work with a certain degree of effectiveness and when particular behaviour results in a reward, performance increases. Types of reinforcement: There are four types of reinforcement available to facilitate behaviour modification. They are positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, extinction and punishment. Skinner argued that positive reinforcement and extinction encouraged individual growth whereas negative reinforcement and punishment are likely to encourage irresponsibility in individuals and eventually contaminate the entire organization. Positive reinforcement: Positive reinforcement arises when organizations compliments employee for satisfactorily accomplished work. It increases desired behaviour. It involves providing a pleasant rewarding consequence to encourage that behaviour. Negative reinforcement: Negative reinforcement focuses on optimizing desired behaviour. However it involves providing unpleasant incentive so that an individual will engage in the desired behaviour in order to stop the unpleasant consequences. The desired behaviour is reinforced in a negative way because an individual must engage in the behaviour in order to get rid of an unpleasant condition. Extinction: Extinction occurs when positive reinforcement for a learned or previously conditioned response is withheld. Under such non-reinforcement, undesired behaviour decreases until it disappeared. Punishment: Punishment is a technique that involves negative consequence in order to decrease or discourage behaviour. Punishment is usually applied after an employee has involved in undesirable behaviour. For example, managers may increase employee workload each time work is handed in late. Punishment will decrease desired behaviour. (Bartol, 1998) Bartol K.M Martin, D.C.1998, Management, 3rd edition, McGraw-Hill, New York pg 400) JOB SATISFACTION: According to Muchinsky(1993), like any feeling of satisfaction, job satisfaction is an emotional, affective response. Affect refers to feelings of like or dislike. Therefore, job satisfaction is the extent to which a person derives pleasure from a job. Muchinsky P., 1993, psychology applied to work, fourth edition United States of America, Brooks/Cole Publishing Company Ltd,pg290) According to Fred Luthan(2008) there are three generally accepted dimensions of job satisfaction. First satisfaction is an emotional response to a job situation. As such it cannot be seen, it can only be inferred. Second, job satisfaction is often determined by how well outcomes meet or exceed expectations. For example, if organizational participants feel that they are working much harder than others in the department but are receiving fewer rewards, they will probably have a negative attitude towards their work, boss, and/or co-workers. They will be dissatisfied. On the other hand if they feel they are being treated very well and are being paid equitably, they are likely to have a positive attitude toward the job. They will be job-satisfied. Third, job satisfaction represents several related attitudes. Through the years five job dimensions have been identified to represent the most important characteristics of a job about which employees have affective attitudes. These are: The work itself: the extent to which the job provides the individual with interesting tasks, opportunities for learning and the chance to accept responsibility. Pay. The amount of financial remuneration that is received and the degree to which this is viewed as equitable vis-Ã  -vis that of others in organization Promotion opportunities. The chances for advancement in the organization Supervision. The abilities of the supervisor to provide technical assistance and behavioural support. Co-workers. The degree to which fellow workers are technically proficient and socially supportive. Lutha n, F, 2008, Organisational behaviour, eleventh edition, Singapore, Mc Graw Hill international edition. Pg 140 The work itself: The content of the job itself is a major source of satisfaction. Cooper (1974) proposed a framework of intrinsic job characteristics which attempts to deal with job satisfaction. The framework outlines four distinct intrinsic job dimensions namely: 1. Spatial variety 2. Skill discretion 3. Goal characteristics 1. Spatial variety: Spatial variety is exemplified by the variety of operations performed, their cycle times, as well as by features outside the task itself such as the number of people available for social interaction in the immediate work area. It seems likely that performance and satisfaction will be affected largely by stimulus satiation (a form of boredom produced by continued exposure to the same stimulus pattern) which can be dissipated by perceptual alternation among the various elements in the situation. Limitations of variety: It is doubtful if Variety is a true motivator. Its value is probably limited to routine, repetitive-type jobs which characteristically induce feelings of boredom; an increase in Variety simply means a decrease in boredom. Skill Discretion: Discretion means being free to exercise choice. According to Robert Cooper (1974) discretion in work means the ability to individually choose appropriate knowledge in the solution of problems. Skilled occupations are more complex and varied than unskilled and semiskilled occupations. They require more training time and often a higher educational attainment. Abstract thinking in specialized fields may be required. Examples of skilled jobs are: chemists architects school band directors physicians attorneys CEO of a business Satisfaction and job-commitment from discretion: The motivational value derived from the previous form of discretion, that is autonomy and responsibility is that one is responsible for ones own job behaviour and the experience of being free from externally-mediated pressures, thereby enhancing job commitment and satisfaction. Skill Discretion is of course a key characteristic of skilled-work. For example when faced with a job problem, the employee refers to his store of appropriate knowledge and from it selects a set of responses which he believes will lead to a solution; this is the essence of Skill Discretion. The choice of an appropriate response is usually done through the exercise of logic or trial-and-error. A high level of Skill Discretion in a job produces a keen sense of challenge which leads, after successful performance, to a feeling of achievement. Goal characteristics: Employees pursue goals because they value a lot the rewards they will be offered after having achieved the goals, that is, to gain food, shelter, money, promotion, love and so on Robert Cooper adds that in addition to goal content, goals possess a certain structure or form which is constituted by: 1. The clarity of the goal 2. The level of difficulty of the goal He further adds that it is these structural features which directly affect task behaviour. Goal clarity performance may differ according to the clarity or specificity with which the performance criteria are described. For instance if an individual instructs a student to write a paper and presents him with a goal of low clarity; he is unclear as to how long the paper should be and when he should complete it by. The clarity of his goal is increased when he provides additional information to the student. Goal Difficulty which is either too easy or too difficult is less motivating than those of medium difficulty th e latter provide a manageable degree of challenge to the employee and thus draws on his motivation. Pay: According to Luthans(2008), money not only helps people attain their basic needs but is also instrumental in providing upper-level need satisfaction. Employees often see pay as a reflection of how management views their contribution to the organization. Fringe benefits are also important, but they are not as influential. Ref: Luthan, F, (2008), Organisational behaviour, eleventh edition, Singapore, Mc Graw Hill international edition, pg 140 Promotion: According to Luthans(2008) promotional opportunities seem to have a varying effect on job satisfaction. This is because promotions take a number of different forms and have a variety of accompanying rewards. For example, individuals who are promoted on the basis of seniority often experience job satisfaction but not as much as those who are promoted on the basis of performance. Ref: Luthan, F, (2008), Organisationa l behaviour, eleventh edition, Singapore, Mc Graw Hill international edition, pg 140 Supervision: Autocratic According Kossen (1931) autocratic leaders feel that they know what they want and tend to express those wants as direct orders to their subordinates. Autocratic usually keep decisions and controls to themselves, since they have assumed full responsibility for decision making. Autocratic leaders usually structure the entire work situation for their employees, who merely do what they are told, that is, follow orders. Advantages of autocratic style: Many autocratic leaders have been successful in accomplishing their goals. To be successful, however, autocratic leaders must have broad and diversified backgrounds. They must also have subordinates who expect and want their leaders to give them strong directions. Workers who are either somewhat submissive or prefer not to be responsible for participating in planning and decision making tend to respond positively to bo ss-centered leadership. Also, a more directive leadership is often welcomed by employees whose job responsibilities are not clearly defined or who lack sufficient knowledge and training to perform their jobs without assistance. Disadvantages of autocratic: Managers who use this approach frequently feel that the individual employee lacks the capability of providing constructive input. Autocratic leadership has the potential for creating problems of both morale and production in the long run. It also fails to develop the workers commitment to the objectives of the organisation. Employees on the receiving end of autocratic leadership frequently lack information about their functions and fear using their own initiative in their work. Furthermore, individual growth and development are far more difficult to attain within an autocratic framework. Participative management style: This style of leadership assumes that individual members of a group who take part personally in the d ecision making process will be more likely as a result to have a far greater commitment to the objectives and goals of the organisation. Advantages of participative: Workers like to feel that their ideas are important and tend to feel considerably more committed to changes in which they have participated. Workers also develop greater feelings of self-esteem. Often the combined knowledge and experience of the members of a group exceed that of the leader. Furthermore problems worked on collectively often give birth to new ideas, created as a result of interpersonal exchange. Disadvantages of participative: This approach assumes a considerable commonality of interest between the managers and employees. However, in any group some individuals may be genuinely uninterested in their jobs, especially those who perceive their position merely as means to other, more satisfying, needs. The participative approach also assumes that workers have the necessary knowledge and skill to participate in the decision making process if knowledge and skill are lacking, managers may find that they must either be bound by bad decisions or override the decision of the group, thus detracting from the participative approach. Another potential problem with the participative approach is that group members whose ideas have been rejected may feel alienated. Kossen( 1931) (Stan Kossen,1931, the human side of organizations, fourth edition, United States of America, Harper Row Publishers, New York, pg 220-223) Work group: The nature of work group or team will have an effect on job satisfaction. Friendly, cooperative coworkers or team members are a modest source of job satisfaction to individual employees. The work group, especially a tight team, serves as a source of support, comfort, advice and assistance to the individual members. A good work group or effective team makes the job more enjoyable. However this factor is not essential to job satisfaction. On the oth er hand, if the reverse conditions exist- the people are difficult to get along with-t his factor may have a negative effect on job satisfaction. From the work of Jon P.Briscoe and Douglas T.Hall (cited Fred Luthan,2008, pg 142) the validity of the five dimensions of job satisfaction have been widely used and a recent meta-analysis confirmed its validity.

Analysis Of Alexander Pope s A Modest Proposal

â€Å"It is a melancholy object to walk through this great town, or travel in the country, when they see the streets, the roads, and cabin doors crowded with beggars of the female sex, followed by three, four, or six children, all in rags and all importuning every passenger for alms.† â€Å"A Modest Proposal† by Jonathan Swift.â€Å" All Nature is but art, unknown to thee All chance, direction, which thou cannot see; All discord, harmony not understood; All partial evil, universal good.† â€Å"Essay On Man† by Alexander Pope, both viewed mankind in Similar ways such as prideful, selfish, and unreasonable to name a few. Basing his work the Great chain of being, Pope argues that man believes that the universe exists solely for his pleasure. In this†¦show more content†¦Lastly, of putting a spirit of honesty, industry, and skill into our shop-keepers, who, if a resolution could now be taken to buy only our native goods, would immediately unite to cheat and exact upon us in the price, the measure, and the goodness, nor could ever yet be brought to make one fair proposal of just dealing, though often and earnestly invited to it Therefore I repeat, let no man talk to me of these and the like expedients, till he hath at least some glympse of hope, that there will ever be some hearty and sincere attempt to put them into practice.† In the quote the narrator was like look here, you cannot tell me anything about what I know concerning change. AnotherShow MoreRelatedLiterary Analysis : Jonathan Swift1425 Words   |  6 PagesJoshua Diaz Mary Ellen Griffith Freshman Comp. II Oct. 27, 2015 Literary analysis The author I decided to write about is Jonathan Swift for he had a keen sense for effective sarcasm. 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Forest Fire Causes and Effects - 1526 Words

Forest Fire: Causes and Effects Ron Hilton National American University One morning you wake up and look out the window. Off to the west, you see an orange glow over the hills. You ask yourself â€Å"Is that a forest fire? What caused it? What is it going to do to the ecosystem?† The answer to the first question comes down to two main causes, man and nature. According to the U.S. Fire Administration (2000), â€Å"Human activity is seven times more likely to be the cause of a wildland fire than that of lightning strikes.† We can narrow down the human-caused fires into two further categories, accidental, such as campfires, outdoor debris†¦show more content†¦There are fuels that can self-heat to temperatures sufficient for ignition. These fuels include hay, grain dust, wood chips, and manure. Spontaneous heating to ignition temperature occurs when heat from exothermic chemical or biological processes does not dissipate, usually because of restricted airflow. This often happens in large piles of the self-heating fuel, or in hot conditions that increase the temperature of the material. Heating is accelerated on warm, humid days. Unburned amounts of the spontaneously-heated mixture may remain after the fire, if flame did not reach the bottom of the pile or if there was not sufficient oxygen flow through the pile for complete burning, smoldering until conditions are right for full combustion. Fires can affect the ecosystem in both harmful and beneficial ways. They can affect our air, soil, the plants and animals that live in the wild, and our cultural resources. Globally, fires are a significant contributor of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Fires account for approximately one-fifth of the total global emissions of carbon dioxide (Sandberg, Ottmar, amp; Peterson, 2002). The effects of a fire on the plants are obvious. 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Because of population growth and the Smokey Bear stop forest fires campaign, fire has been suppressed in much o f the country. By suppressing naturally occurring wild fires, we are